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Hawthorn Berries For Aneurysm
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By Wei Du 1, 2 , Hong-Min Fan 1 , Yu-Xin Zhang 3, 4 , Xiao-Hua Jiang 3, 4 and Yun Li 1, 2, *
School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan 063210, China
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Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases Basic Research Group, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan 063210, China
School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan 063210, China
Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan 063210, China
Received: 26 December 2021 / Revised: 20 January 2022 / Accepted: 22 January 2022 / Published: 27 January 2022
Aneurysm Treatment With Simple, Natural Ayurvedic Remedies
Background: Excessive oxidative stress is associated with hypertension in occupational high temperature work conditions. Polyphenols show a cardioprotective effect. Hawthorn contains high amounts of flavonoids, although its effect in protecting against hypertension has not yet been studied. This study aims to investigate this effect of hawthorn extract (EH) or its combination with vitamin C (Vit. C) in rats induced by working in a hot environment. Methods: Forty-two male rats were randomly assigned to a control group under normal temperature, and six treatment groups were exposed to 33 ± 1 °C along with 1 hour of daily treadmill running. They were given oral water, Vit. C (14 mg/kg), EH (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and EH500 + Vit. C, once a day for four weeks. Results: Both EH and Vit. C alone reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of rats exposed to the thermal environment. However, supplementing their joints fully maintained their blood pressure at the normal level throughout the experimental period. No morphological changes were found in the intima of the aorta. In addition, the co-supplementation of EH and Vit. C prevented the heat exposure changes in the induction of oxidative stress markers such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide. the synergistic effect was more effective than either individual treatment of EH and Vit. C. In addition, EH administration had stronger effects on increasing superoxide dismutase, IL-2, 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and decreasing serum malondialdehyde and lipofuscin in vascular tissue than those of Vit. C group. Conclusions: Strong synergistic effect of HH and Vit. C was established on the prevention of hypertension under thermal exposure, as they inhibited the oxidative stress state. This study also establishes a new intervention strategy in animal models to investigate the early phases of heat exposure-induced hypertension.
Hypertension; oxidative stress; exposure to heat; hawthorn flavonoids; vitamin C? physical exertion; hypertension rats; oxidative stress; exposure to heat; hawthorn flavonoids; vitamin C? physical exertion; rats
Prevention of hypertension is essential to reduce cardiovascular complications [1]. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main causes of intracellular oxidative stress [2] that underlie the molecular mechanisms of heart disease [3, 4]. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and reduce the risk of hypertension caused by harmful environmental factors such as heat exposure [5, 6, 7]. Oxidative stress is caused by the excessive production of oxygen free radicals (O
) and reduction of antioxidant capacity [8, 9]. Working or exercising in a hot environment results in heat stress, which has a direct impact on cardiac stroke volume and systolic function. Increased cardiac output during whole-body warming is caused by increased oxygen demands, thermoregulation, dehydration, and hyperthermia. These adaptations result in significant cardiovascular strain [10, 11]. Our previous studies found a high prevalence of hypertension among heat-exposed workers who also had higher rates of vitamin C (Vit. C) deficiency due to its loss through sweat [12, 13]. Increasing dietary antioxidants is a good solution to prevent hypertension caused by heat exposure. For example, studies have reported that natural antioxidants, fruits, and vegetables reduced hypertension through increased nitric oxide bioavailability and reduced vascular inflammatory responses [14, 15, 16, 17]. Vit. C, a common antioxidant, has been shown to improve blood pressure in animal studies [18, 19]. Thus, in this study, Vit. C was used as a positive control reagent.
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Studies have shown that phytochemical flavonoids provide a combination of health benefits to the cardiovascular system, such as improving oxidative parameters, inhibiting inflammation, increasing vascular reactivity, and lowering blood pressure [20]. Hawthorn fruit (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) is widely cultivated in northern China and as a medicinal and food counterpart has been used to treat indigestion for more than 1500 years. In particular, studies in recent years have shown that hawthorn has the strongest antioxidant capacity among berry fruits due to its ability to absorb oxygen radicals [21]. This positive effect is mainly related to hawthorn’s rich flavonoids, which have a large number of hydroxyl groups [22]. Studies have shown that hawthorn or its leaf extracts, reduce oxidative stress and can be used as a safe, effective, non-toxic agent in the treatment of cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease [23, 24]. Previous studies have shown green tea extract, lycopene and Vit. C to have a synergistic antioxidant effect [25], and administration of flavonoids from quercetin, combined with Vit. C had the best results in improving blood pressure [26]. Studies also showed that the combination solution of flavonoid extract from Campnumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr and Vit. C had excellent cooperative antioxidant activity [27].
The synergistic action of endogenous antioxidants and exogenous natural antioxidants is important for disease prevention. It is crucial for the development of intervention strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases caused by hazardous environmental factors presented in this study. Our hypothesis was that natural hawthorn extract antioxidants inhibit heat exposure-induced blood pressure through reducing oxidative stress. To verify this hypothesis and evaluate these effects and the mechanism, we performed an animal study simulating the work exposed to high temperature: rats were given, individually or together, the equivalent dose conversion of the upper limit of flavonoid intake from the human from hawthorn extract and the recommended amount of Vit. C for working in hot environments. First, the antioxidant compounds in hawthorn extract were analyzed. Second, the effect of hawthorn extract on blood pressure and the morphology of the aortic vascular structure of rats was analyzed. Third, the effect of hawthorn extract (EH) on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation was measured. The purpose of this study is to investigate its antihypertensive effect and its mechanism linked to oxidative stress. This is the first study to provide evidence of individual hawthorn extract and Vit. C, or their combination, to prevent hypertension in workers exposed to high temperatures.
Content in total phenolics, total flavonoids, as well as identification of the main phenolic compounds and Vit. C in hawthorn extract are listed in Table 1. Antioxidant compounds that appear in EH include hyperoside, resveratrol, epicatechin, and proanthocyanidins B
In the HE + PW group, heat-exposed (HE) rats given only pure water (PW), both systolic and diastolic blood pressure had significantly increased trends from day 0 to day 28 compared with the NC + group PW (both p < 0.001); Here, NC stands for rats under normal temperature control (Figure 1A,B). On the other hand, compared with the HE + PW group, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all HE + EH groups (hawthorn extract, dosed at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, respectively) were significantly reduced by day 28 (all P < 0.01); Furthermore, in the HE + EH500 group, they were significantly more reduced than both HE + EH125 and EH250 (all P