Hawthorn Berries In Russian – Fruit of four different Crataegus species (clockwise from top left: C. coccinea, C. punctata, C. ambigua and C. douglasii)
Mayflower is a mash of several hundred species of shrubs and trees of the Rosaceae family.
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Hawthorn Berries In Russian
Native to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere of Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name “hawthorn” was originally applied to species native to northern Europe, especially common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often used as such in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to tires and the related Asiatic raphiolepis.
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The Greek epithet Crataegus is derived from the Greek kratos “strength” because of the great strength of the wood and akis “sharp” referring to the thorns of some species.
The name Haw was originally a Hinglish term for a hedge (from the Anglo-Saxon hounghorn, “thorny fisz”).
With small fruits and (usually) spiny branches. The most common type of bark in young individuals is smooth gray, in old trees shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ends occur. Thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the stem and are usually 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1 in) long (recorded up to
). The leaves grow on long shoots arranged in a spiral, and the clusters grow on shoots that stick out on branches or branches. The leaves of most species have lobed or toothed margins and are somewhat variable in shape. The fruit, sometimes known as a “pit”, is berry-like but structurally a pod containing one to five burs, similar to the “stones” of plums, peaches, etc., which are drupe fruits of the same subfamily.
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The number of species in Gus depends on the taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists previously recognized 1,000 or more species.
Gus probably first appeared in the Eoce, the ancestral area probably being eastern North America and Europe, which was then closely connected by the North Atlantic land bridge. The earliest known Gus leaves are from the Eoce of North America, and the earliest from Europe are from the Oligocene.
Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorn is also used as a food plant by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species, such as the small egg moth, E. lanestris. Hawks are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings; these birds eat the chickens and disperse the seeds in their droppings.
The “wheat” or fruits of the common hawthorn, C. monogyna, are edible. In the United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make jelly or homemade wine.
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The leaves are edible, and if picked young in spring, are best used in salads.
The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known in the countryside as “bread and cheese”.
In the southern United States, the fruits of three native species are collectively known as meyha and are made into jellies that are considered a delicacy. The Kuta people of northwestern North America used the fruits of the red and black hawthorn for food.
On Manitoulin Island, Ontario, some species with red fruits are called currants. During colonization, European settlers ate these fruits during the winter as the only food left over. People born on the island are now called “chickens”.
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The fruits of Crataegus mexicana are known in Mexico as teicotes and are eaten raw, cooked or in jam during the winter. They are stuffed into piñatas brok during a traditional Christmas celebration known as Las Posadas. They are also cooked with other fruits to make a Christmas punch. A mixture of tejocote paste, sugar, and chili powder makes a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, which is produced by several brands.
The 4 cm fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) are sour, bright red and look like small crab fruits. They are used to make many types of Chinese snacks, including flakes and being coated in sugar syrup and topped with tanghulu. The fruits, called 山楂 shān zhā in Chinese, are also used to make jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other beverages. these in turn can be used in other dishes (for example, many old Cantonese sweet and sour sauce recipes call for shanghai jam). Sansachun (산사춘) liquor is made from fruits in South Korea.
In Iran, the fruits of Crataegus (including Crataegus azarolus var. aronia as well as other species) are known as zâlzâlak and are eaten raw as a snack or made into a jam known by the same name.
In 2008, a meta-analysis of previous studies by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that there was evidence of “significant benefit in symptom control and physiological outcomes” for hawthorn extract used as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic heart failure.
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Concluded that “Crataegus [hawthorn] preparations have considerable potential as a useful agent in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.” The review highlighted the need for further investigation of optimal dosages and concluded that although “many different theoretical interactions between Crataegus and orthodox drugs have been hypothesized…none [yet] substantiated.
Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine. The products used are often derived from C. monogyna, C. laevigata or related Crataegus species, “collectively known as hawthorn”, not necessarily differentiating between these species.
The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese name: shān zhā) are used in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is similarly used. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in herbal medicine where the plant is believed to enhance cardiovascular function.
The Kuta people of northwestern North America used the fruit of the black hawthorn (Kuthai: kaǂa, approximate pronunciation: kasha) and the fruit of the red hawthorn (Kuthai: ǂupǂi, approximate pronunciation: shupshi) in traditional medicine.
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Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. Common hawthorn is widely used as a hedge plant in Europe. During the British Agricultural Revolution in the eighth and ninth centuries, hawthorn seedlings were spread en masse in nurseries to create new field boundaries required by the Acts of Inclusion.
Several species of Midland Hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes.
Hawthorn can be used as a rootstock in grafting practice. It is transplant compatible with Mespilus (medlar) and pear and produces a tougher taproot than quince, but hawthorn’s prickly sucking habit can be problematic.
Seedlings of Crataegus monogyna have been used to graft several species on the same trunk, such as pink hawthorn, pear, and holly, resulting in trees that produce pink and white flowers in May and fruit in summer. Chip budding has also been done on hawthorn stumps to have branches of several cultivars on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in Vigo, Spain and northwestern France (mainly Brittany).
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The Scots say, “Ne’er cast a cloot til Mey’s oot” conveys a warning not to shed a cloot (cloot) until summer is fully come and the Mayflowers (hawthorn flowers) are in full bloom.
The custom of using the flowering branches for ornamental purposes on May 1st has a very early origin, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full flower in the gland until the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands, flowers can appear until mid-June. The hawthorn is considered a symbol of hope, and its branches are said to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions and used by them for the decking of the altar of Himaios. The assumption that the tree was the source of Jesus’ crown of thorns no doubt gave rise to the Frech peasant tradition (noted before 1911) of groaning and shouting on Good Friday, and perhaps also to the old superstition of the Great Folk. Great Britain and Ireland followed that bad luck by uprooting the hawthorns. Twigs of Glastonbury thorn (C. monogyna ‘Biflora’,
Sometimes called C. oxyacantha var. praecox), which blooms in both December and spring, was formerly highly prized in the grove because the tree was originally the staff of Joseph of Arimathea.
Traces and reinterprets many European legends and myths in which the hawthorn (hawthorn), also called the May tree, is cut down.
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Along with juice and apples. It was once said that it heals a broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is or was called Johnny McGory or Magory.
Serbian folklore that spread to the Balkans states that hawthorn (Serbian: глог or glog) is important for killing vampires, and stakes used to kill them must be made of thorn wood.
In Gaelic folklore, hawthorn (sgitheach in Scottish Gaelic and sceach in Irish) “signifies trance to the other world” and is closely associated with fairies.
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